Tiny Powerhouses: The Rise of Miniaturized 3D‑Printed Membraneless Photo‑Electrochemical Fuel Cells
Introduction Miniaturized membraneless photo-electrochemical fuel cells represent a new class of compact energy converters that combine 3D printing, photoelectrochemistry, and clever fluid architectures to produce sustainable, small-scale power. Early demonstrations of these devices highlight how additive manufacturing can create intricate geometries at the scale needed for integrated sensors, lab-on-chip systems, and portable electronics (bioengineer.org) and…

